Aparna Basu, Ritu Aggarwal
National Institute of Science, Technology & Development Studies
K.S. Krishnan Marg, Pusa Gate, New Delhi - 110 012
Modified by the Editor
ABSTRACT
Depicts the coverage of Indian scientific literature by Science Citation Index database during the years 1990, 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999. Shows percentage-wise distribution of papers according to disciplines, states, and sectors. Also highlights features of institutional output according to disciplines and India's collaboration scenario with foreign countries.
KEYWORDS: India, Scientific literature, Science Citation Index, Collaboration.
STATISTICAL TRENDS IN SCIENTIFIC PAPERS
The figures given in this report are from an ongoing bibliometric study of Indian science based on all 57,123 papers indexed in the Science Citation Index (SCI) in 1990, 1994, 1997, 1998 and 1999. The SCI very selectively indexes the bibliographic details of papers published all over the world, in three to four thousand international mainstream journals in science every year. It also subsequently records the citations received by these papers. The objective of present study is to examine trends in the output of Indian scientific papers at the national, state, sectoral and institutional levels, and the nature of collaboration patterns in the 1990's. A search with `INDIA' in the address field was used to identify papers with at least one author from India. These are then treated as the scientific output from India. Clearly this study is only partial as there are a very large number of Indian journals numbering more than six hundred not indexed in SCI.
In the 1980's there had been an apparent fall in the number of Indian papers in SCI. Although some have interpreted this as a decline in Indian science, in reality, this was only an effect of the reduced coverage of Indian journals in SCI between 1970 to the mid-1980's, and not due to any real decline in productivity. The number of Indian journals indexed in SCI fell from about 40 at the end of the 1970's to 10-11 in 1986, and remained constant thereafter. The deletion of these journals, containing largely Indian papers, caused a significant reduction in the apparent Indian output as recorded in SCI. The number of papers from India in other international journals has steadily increased [1].
In the present study, we find that the output and the average impact factor of Indian papers has increased in the 1990's (Table 1), and that the increase in impact has been statistically significant for a sample of data [2].
Table 1 portrays the scenario of Indian contributions within the canvass of Science Citation Index (SCI). It can be seen that the coverage of world literature by SCI is increasing over the years commensurate with the coverage of world journals. The coverage of papers increased from 590, 841 in 1990 to 785,222 in 1999, and of world journals increased from 3,192 in 1990 to 3,633 in 1999. In terms of the number of Indian papers, the coverage shows an increase from 10,103 papers in 1990 to 12,521 papers in 1999. On the other hand, percentage-wise, the coverage of Indian literature is diminishing. It came down from 1.71 per cent in 1990 to 1.48 per cent in 1997, thereafter slightly increased to 1.59 per cent in 1999. SCI covers an incredibly low number of Indian journals, less than a dozen (10 during 1997 to 1999), out of some 600. Hence, the negligibly small coverage of Indian papers published in Indian journals ranged from 1191 in 1997 to 1513 in 1999. The coverage of Indian journals vis-�-vis world journals, however, has declined from 0.9 percent in 1990 to 0.5 per cent in 1999.
The journal quality is used as an indicator of the quality of papers, and no attempt has been made to determine the actual citations received by the papers. We have, however, indicated the expected citations vs. the observed citations for different disciplines. The terms used, e.g., impact factor, expected and observed citations are defined in the next section. Impact factor values have been taken from the Journal Citation Reports [3].
The fields of science have been demarcated by classifying journals into major disciplinary groups. Indian output in any discipline is then obtained by counting the number of Indian papers in them (Table 2). Due to the inherent disciplinary spread and overlap in journal contents, some misclassification of papers may have resulted from this. Classification of data using other classification schemes are possible and may lead to slightly different figures. Average impact factor of Indian papers at the level of the disciplines has been indicated. As there is a variation in the citation practices (and therefore of the impact factors) in different disciplines, a direct comparison of the impact of papers in different disciplines is often not desirable. For example, the impact factors of journals and papers in the life sciences are much higher than in mathematics all over the world.
Institutional output in fourteen different disciplines for the five years has been shown in rank order of output for 1999 (Table 3). All institutes, which cumulatively contribute up to 80% of the output in any discipline, have been included in the Table.
# We note that the extent of institutional collaboration does not vary significantly between disciplines.
# There are a large number of sporadic producers in every discipline.
# The concentration of output varies considerably between disciplines, the productivity being more concentrated in the major institutes in the case of physics (col.7). Only for physics this value is lower than the theoretical norm provided by the 80-20 Rule, which predicts that about 20% of institutes would be expected to produce 80% of the papers.
The state-wise distribution of papers in terms of percentage is given in Table 4. Sectoral output and impact have been determined by classifying institutions into appropriate sectors, e.g., government, academic, etc. [4] and aggregating their output and impact (Table 5).
The medical, engineering and agricultural sectors have been shown separately. Engineering Sector combines output from IIT's & engineering & technological institutes; Medical Sector combine output from ICMR, MHFW, hospitals & medical colleges; and Agricultural Sector combine output from ICAR, agriculture universities, agricultural deemed universities, agricultural colleges & state agricultural units
Foreign collaboration has been determined by the number of papers co-authored with scientists from different countries. The countries with which India has collaborations have been alphabetically listed in Table 6. Again, due to several papers with authors from more than one country the total number of links exceeds the number of papers.
DEFINITIONS
The impact factor of a journal in a given year is measured by the ratio of the number of times the citable items published in the journal during the two preceding years are cited in all journals covered by SCI database in the given year, to the sum of citable items published by the journal in the same period. The journal impact gives the Expected Citations to be received by a paper contained in it. The actual citations received by a paper, or Observed Impact, may differ from this.
REFERENCES
- Basu A. Are Indian scientists losing in the world publishing race? A refutation, In Nagpaul PS et al ,eds. Emerging Trends in Scientometrics. New Delhi: Allied Publisher, 1999.
- Basu A. Science publication indicators for India: questions of interpretation. Scientometrics 1999, 44, 347-360.
- Journal Citation Reports, Philadelphia, Pa: Institute for Scientific Information.
- Directory of R&D Institutions. New Delhi: Department of Science &Technology, Govt. of India, 1999.
Table 1: Science Citation Index: Selected Figures for India
| Science Citation Index | 1990 | 1994 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 |
| World Papers in SCI | 590841 | 681545 | 745819 | 770591 | 785222 |
| Indian Papers in SCI | 10103 | 11314 | 11067 | 12128 | 12521 |
| Percentage | 1.71 | 1.66 | 1.48 | 1.57 | 1.59 |
| Average Impact Factor | 1.22 | 1.36 | 1.39 | 1.58 | 1.52 |
| Papers in Indian Journals | 1413 | 1383 | 1191 | 1299 | 1513 |
| Percentage of Indian SCI Papers in Indian Journals | 14.0 | 12.2 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 12.0 |
| Source Journals for SCI | 3192 | 3383 | 3453 | 3606 | 3633 |
| Journals Used by Indian Institutions | 1527 | 1706 | 1664 | 1799 | 1843 |
| Percentage of World Journals Used | 47.8 | 50.4 | 48.2 | 49.9 | 50.7 |
| Indian Journals | 13 | 13 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Indian Journals as Percentage of Journals Used | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| International Collaboration (Co-authored Papers) | 1040 | 1575 | 1743 | 2126 | 2251 |
| As a Percentage of Total Papers | 10.3 | 13.9 | 15.7 | 17.5 | 18.0 |
| Collaborating Countries | 69 | 92 | 94 | 99 | 112 |
| Average Impact Factor of Collaborative Papers | 1.81 | 1.96 | 2.11 | 2.24 | 2.15 |
| Percentage Gain in Impact Factor due to International Collaboration | 4.9 | 6.1 | 8.2 | 7.3 | 7.5 |
| Inter Sectoral Collaboration | 948 | 1396 | 1601 | 1791 | 1972 |
| Inter State collaboration | 523 | 804 | 879 | 1029 | 1113 |
| Inter-Institutional Collaboration | 1219 | 1707 | 1958 | 2161 | 2403 |
| As a percentage of Total Papers | 12.1 | 15.1 | 17.7 | 17.8 | 19.2 |
| Impact Factor of Institutional Co-authored Papers | 1.31 | 1.33 | 1.39 | 1.48 | 1.50 |
Table 2: Discipline-wise Distribution
| Disciplines | Percentage of Papers from India | Average Impact Factors | |||||||
| 1990 | 1994 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 1994 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | |
| Mathematics | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 0.53 | 0.49 | 0.55 | 0.58 |
| Physics | 22.6 | 22.6 | 23.7 | 22.9 | 22.8 | 1.56 | 1.57 | 1.58 | 1.73 |
| Chemistry | 23.2 | 21.8 | 19.9 | 21.7 | 20.5 | 1.27 | 1.19 | 1.20 | 1.25 |
| Biology | 5.5 | 4.9 | 4.3 | 5.5 | 4.2 | 1.52 | 1.29 | 3.97 | 1.56 |
| Earth & Space Sciences | 2.2 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 1.01 | 1.23 | 1.41 | 1.43 |
| Agriculture | 4.4 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 0.68 | 0.76 | 0.82 | 0.84 |
| Clinical Medicine | 15.2 | 15.2 | 17.2 | 15.8 | 16.3 | 1.95 | 1.92 | 1.90 | 2.05 |
| Biomedicine | 8.3 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 1.97 | 2.08 | 2.34 | 2.55 |
| Engineering & Technology | 5.8 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 5.9 | 0.59 | 0.72 | 0.77 | 0.77 |
| Computer Sciences | 0.6 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.71 | 0.86 |
| Material Sciences | 3.8 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 3.6 | 4.9 | 0.78 | 0.71 | 0.85 | 0.88 |
| Multidisciplinary Journals | 4.0 | 4.8 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 5.1 | 0.39 | 0.44 | 0.67 | 0.68 |
| Social Sciences | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 1.06 | 1.34 |
| Environmental Sciences | 2.8 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.00 | 1.28 | 1.79 | 1.10 |
| Unidentified | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.16 |
| Total Papers | 10103 | 11314 | 11067 | 12128 | 12521 | 1.36 | 1.40 | 1.60 | 1.50 |
Table 3: Features of Institutional Output (Discipline-wise)
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| Discipline | National Output 5 years | Institutional Output 5 years | Total Institutional / National Output | Total Institutes | No. of Institutions Contributing a Single Paper in 5 years | 80% Contribution to Papers in '99 by (% of institutes) |
| All Disciplines | 57122 | 68244 | 1.2 | 2888 | 1305 | 12.7 |
| Mathematics | 922 | 1061 | 1.2 | 202 | 104 | 25.6 |
| Physics | 13106 | 16348 | 1.2 | 772 | 337 | 16.9 |
| Chemistry | 12204 | 13938 | 1.1 | 698 | 285 | 24.0 |
| Biology | 2772 | 3166 | 1.1 | 447 | 203 | 45.2 |
| Earth Sciences | 1353 | 1664 | 1.2 | 212 | 100 | 37.0 |
| Agriculture | 1842 | 2100 | 1.1 | 339 | 160 | 44.4 |
| Clinical Medicine | 9116 | 11039 | 1.2 | 1145 | 585 | 24.5 |
| Biomedical Res. | 5265 | 5078 | 1.2 | 579 | 247 | 28.2 |
| Engineering | 3639 | 4610 | 1.3 | 516 | 247 | 28.1 |
| Computer Sci | 611 | 721 | 1.2 | 169 | 97 | 46.5 |
| Material Science | 2360 | 2868 | 1.2 | 303 | 142 | 28.3 |
| Environmental Sci | 1255 | 1522 | 1.2 | 415 | 229 | 36.2 |
| Multidisciplinary Journals | 2360 | 2974 | 1.2 | 516 | 281 | 45.4 |
Notes:
The institutional output (col.3) is a total of papers contributed by each institute. Because of collaboration between institutes, it is usually higher than national output (col.2).
The ratio of institutional output/national output (col.4) gives the extent of collaboration between institutes.
The number of institutes publishing papers in the 5 years of the study is shown in col.5, while the figures in col. 6 show the number of sporadic producers.
The last column shows the percentage of institutes that contribute 80% of the papers. This provides an idea of the extent of concentration of institutional productivity.
Table 4: State-wise Distribution
| State | Percentage of Total | Average Impact Factor | ||||||||
| 1990 | 1994 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 1990 | 1994 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | |
| Maharashtra | 15.00 | 15.58 | 16.05 | 15.33 | 15.43 | 1.56 | 1.57 | 1.61 | 1.71 | 1.71 |
| West Bengal | 11.45 | 11.24 | 11.60 | 11.60 | 12.33 | 1.26 | 1.26 | 1.34 | 1.52 | 1.49 |
| Delhi | 10.40 | 10.74 | 11.04 | 11.66 | 11.39 | 1.32 | 1.54 | 1.52 | 1.93 | 1.70 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 14.46 | 12.29 | 11.13 | 11.30 | 10.79 | 1.02 | 1.18 | 1.25 | 1.32 | 1.38 |
| Karnataka | 8.97 | 10.44 | 10.82 | 10.32 | 10.74 | 1.27 | 1.47 | 1.48 | 1.76 | 1.88 |
| Tamil Nadu | 7.89 | 9.36 | 10.26 | 10.07 | 10.19 | 1.22 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.37 | 1.19 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 8.35 | 8.12 | 7.39 | 8.00 | 7.85 | 1.21 | 1.48 | 1.58 | 1.66 | 1.60 |
| Kerala | 2.81 | 2.78 | 3.46 | 3.03 | 3.23 | 0.96 | 1.12 | 1.11 | 1.12 | 1.30 |
| Chandigarh | 2.96 | 2.31 | 2.51 | 2.89 | 2.78 | 1.30 | 1.60 | 1.82 | 2.33 | 2.20 |
| Gujarat | 2.66 | 3.21 | 3.10 | 2.67 | 2.71 | 1.20 | 1.27 | 1.31 | 1.56 | 1.56 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 1.90 | 2.62 | 2.29 | 2.41 | 2.33 | 0.89 | 1.10 | 1.05 | 1.03 | 1.18 |
| Orissa | 1.60 | 1.83 | 2.18 | 2.17 | 1.95 | 1.20 | 1.34 | 1.30 | 1.28 | 1.25 |
| Rajasthan | 2.20 | 1.53 | 1.43 | 1.31 | 1.36 | 1.01 | 1.20 | 1.19 | 1.42 | 1.10 |
| Punjab | 1.67 | 1.41 | 1.03 | 1.45 | 1.34 | 0.86 | 0.94 | 1.15 | 1.42 | 1.09 |
| Haryana | 2.18 | 1.87 | 1.41 | 1.34 | 1.26 | 0.79 | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.99 | 0.97 |
| Assam | 0.61 | 0.63 | 0.69 | 0.83 | 0.89 | 1.01 | 0.71 | 1.20 | 0.92 | 1.10 |
| Bihar | 1.15 | 0.98 | 0.74 | 0.72 | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.98 | 0.75 | 1.11 | 1.26 |
| Goa | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.57 | 0.46 | 0.58 | 1.20 | 1.05 | 1.15 | 2.26 | 1.05 |
| Meghalaya | 0.70 | 0.58 | 0.43 | 0.63 | 0.47 | 1.20 | 1.00 | 1.42 | 1.28 | 1.25 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 0.62 | 0.38 | 0.63 | 0.36 | 0.43 | 1.03 | 0.75 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 0.92 |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 0.76 | 0.56 | 0.45 | 0.48 | 0.36 | 1.33 | 0.88 | 3.01 | 2.17 | 1.41 |
| Pondicherry | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.41 | 0.54 | 0.36 | 0.66 | 1.69 | 1.30 | 1.19 | 0.93 |
| Manipur | 0.27 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.79 | 0.60 | 0.98 | 2.71 | 0.83 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.68 | 1.99 | 0.79 | 0.75 | 0.81 |
| Tripura | 0.04< | 0.07< | 0.05< | 0.06< | 0.07< | 0.55< | 0.59< | 3.16< | 0.85< | 0.87 |
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands | - | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.07 | - | 0.69 | 0.46 | 0.62 | 0.77 |
| Nagaland | - | - | 0.03 | - | 0.01 | - | - | 2.78 | - | 0.48 |
| Sikkim | - | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | - | 0.52 | 0.58 | 1.21 | 0.61 |
| Lakshadweep | - | - | - | - | 0.01 | - | - | - | - | 1.38 |
| Mizoram | 0.03 | 0.02 | - | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.34 | 0.38 | - | 0.52 | 1.03 |
| Total | 10103 | 11314 | 11067 | 12128 | 12521 | 1.22 | 1.33 | 1.39 | 1.57 | 1.52 |
Table 5: Sector-wise Distribution
| SECTORS | Percentage of Annual Papers | Average Impact Factor | ||||||||
| 90 | 94 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 90 | 94 | 97 | 98 | 99 | |
| GOVERNMENT SECTOR | 33.98 | 35.77 | 37.20 | 37.49 | 37.48 | 1.40 | 1.50 | 1.55 | 1.72 | 1.70 |
| MAJOR SCIENTIFIC AGENCIES | 27.89 | 29.66 | 31.04 | 30.82 | 31.39 | 1.39 | 1.46 | 1.52 | 1.69 | 1.69 |
| Dept. of Atomic Energy | 8.26 | 9.17 | 9.41 | 9.76 | 9.23 | 1.56 | 1.73 | 1.83 | 1.85 | 1.83 |
| Council of Scientific & Industrial Research | 11.10 | 11.35 | 11.28 | 10.78 | 11.53 | 1.27 | 1.33 | 1.40 | 1.57 | 1.58 |
| Defence Research & Development Orgn | 1.08 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.18 | 0.95 | 0.87 | 0.91 | 0.76 | 0.91 | 0.97 |
| Dept. of Electronics | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.36 | 0.54 | 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.94 |
| Ministry of Environment, Forest & Wildlife | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.67 | 0.61 | 0.67 | 0.82 | 0.80 |
| Indian Council of Agricultural Research | 1.86 | 1.34 | 1.52 | 1.66 | 1.80 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.80 | 1.04 | 0.89 |
| Indian Council of Medical Research | 1.34 | 1.33 | 1.19 | 1.25 | 1.14 | 2.27 | 1.65 | 1.34 | 2.13 | 1.70 |
| Dept. of Biotechnology | 0.21 | 0.47 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.39 | 2.25 | 2.89 | 3.08 | 4.46 | 3.16 |
| Dept. of Science & Technology | 3.82 | 4.54 | 5.74 | 5.37 | 5.89 | 1.52 | 1.45 | 1.58 | 1.74 | 2.04 |
| Dept. of Scientific & Industrial Research | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | - | - | - | - | 0.69 |
| Dept. of Space | 0.95 | 1.44 | 1.48 | 1.50 | 1.43 | 1.53 | 1.19 | 1.37 | 1.58 | 1.89 |
| OTHER MINISTRIES/ DEPTS | 6.04 | 6.02 | 6.13 | 6.57 | 5.98 | 1.44 | 1.70 | 1.68 | 1.87 | 1.76 |
| Ministry of Health & Family Welfare | 4.25 | 4.06 | 4.21 | 4.51 | 4.14 | 1.64 | 2.07 | 1.95 | 2.32 | 2.08 |
| Miscellaneous Govt Depts | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.71 | 0.39 | 0.65 | 2.33 | 1.48 |
| STATE SECTOR | 0.78 | 0.80 | 0.97 | 0.83 | 0.94 | 1.25 | 1.20 | 0.88 | 1.03 | 1.59 |
| ACADEMIC SECTOR | 45.48 | 42.93 | 39.80 | 39.89 | 39.91 | 1.05 | 1.18 | 1.16 | 1.38 | 1.31 |
| Universities | 36.91 | 34.04 | 30.89 | 31.09 | 30.43 | 1.03 | 1.13 | 1.15 | 1.37 | 1.21 |
| Deemed Universities | 4.74 | 5.71 | 5.58 | 5.43 | 5.50 | 1.48 | 1.60 | 1.57 | 1.82 | 1.98 |
| Colleges & Schools | 4.00 | 3.17 | 3.40 | 3.44 | 3.64 | 0.78 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 1.30 | 1.03 |
| Centres for Advanced Study | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.39 | - | 0.57 | 0.55 | 1.07 | 2.58 |
| Management Instt. | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.68 | 2.20 | 0.24 | 0.57 | 0.99 |
| IIT's | 8.70 | 9.22 | 8.96 | 9.17 | 8.95 | 1.12 | 1.20 | 1.08 | 1.17 | 1.25 |
| Engg. & Tech. Institutes | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.16 | 1.47 | 1.40 | 0.88 | 0.74 | 0.59 | 0.80 | 0.89 |
| Hospitals & Medical Colleges | 4.99 | 3.87 | 5.27 | 4.23 | 4.80 | 1.70 | 1.74 | 2.17 | 1.97 | 2.06 |
| INDUSTRIAL SECTOR | 2.55 | 3.11 | 3.39 | 3.23 | 3.00 | 1.80 | 1.56 | 1.69 | 1.77 | 1.60 |
| INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTES | 0.78 | 0.81 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.62 | 1.33 | 1.22 | 1.95 | 1.83 | 2.22 |
| MISCELLANEOUS INSTITUTES | 0.39 | 0.51 | 0.70 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.87 | 1.98 | 1.67 | 2.99 | 2.09 |
| PRIVATE ADDRESSES | 0.11 | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.73 | 2.78 | 0.81 | 1.92 | 0.87 |
| UNIDENTIFIED | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 4.17 | 1.09 | 1.67 | 1.96 | 1.82 |
| TOTAL (Papers) | 10103 | 11314 | 11067 | 12128 | 12510 | 1.24 | 1.33 | 1.39 | 1.56 | 1.52 |
| ENGINEERING SECTOR | 9.78 | 10.29 | 10.12 | 10.64 | 10.34 | 1.10 | 1.15 | 1.03 | 1.12 | 1.20 |
| MEDICAL SECTOR | 10.58 | 9.26 | 10.67 | 9.9 | 10.08 | 1.75 | 1.87 | 1.99 | 2.14 | 2.03 |
| AGRICULTURE SECTOR | 5.12 | 3.41 | 3.43 | 3.30 | 3.70 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 0.81 | 1.08 | 0.97 |
Table 6: Collaboration Scenario of India with Foreign Countries
| Country | 90 | 94 | 97 | 98 | 99 | TOTAL | Country | 90 | 94 | 97 | 98 | 99 | TOTAL |
| Afghanistan | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | Lithuania | - | - | 1 | 2 | - | 3 |
| Algeria | - | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | 4 | Luxembourg | - | 1 | - | - | 3 | 4 |
| Argentina | 4 | 3 | 14 | 23 | 23 | 67 | Macedonia | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Armenia | - | 3 | 4 | 6 | - | 13 | Malawi | - | - | 1 | 3 | 4 | 8 |
| Australia | 31 | 59 | 51 | 82 | 81 | 304 | Malaysia | 1 | 7 | 10 | 27 | 70 | 115 |
| Austria | 5 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 14 | 55 | Mali | - | - | 1 | - | 2 | 3 |
| Bahrain | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | - | 8 | Malta | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Bangladesh | 7 | 15 | 10 | 18 | 16 | 66 | Mauritius | - | 1 | - | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| Barbados | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | Mexico | 5 | 6 | 22 | 39 | 40 | 112 |
| Belarus | - | 2 | - | - | - | 2 | Monaco | - | 1 | - | - | 2 | 3 |
| Belgium | 11 | 18 | 31 | 36 | 39 | 135 | Mongolia | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Benin | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | Morocco | - | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 5 |
| Bermuda | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | Mozambique | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Botswana | - | - | - | 3 | 3 | 6 | Myanmar | - | - | 1 | - | 2 | 3 |
| Brazil | 7 | 21 | 39 | 53 | 61 | 181 | Nepal | - | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 13 |
| Brunei | - | 5 | - | 1 | - | 6 | Netherlands | 29 | 32 | 76 | 60 | 69 | 266 |
| Bulgaria | 7 | 7 | 31 | 29 | 34 | 108 | New Zealand | - | 11 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 41 |
| Cameroon | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | Nigeria | 11 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 31 |
| Canada | 74 | 122 | 108 | 90 | 99 | 493 | Norway | 4 | 7 | 6 | 12 | 9 | 38 |
| Chile | 3 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 16 | 40 | Oman | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 9 |
| China | 19 | 22 | 49 | 72 | 75 | 237 | Pakistan | 3 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 14 |
| Colombia | - | 6 | 10 | 19 | 20 | 55 | Panama | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Congo | - | 2 | - | - | - | 2 | Papua New Guinea | 2 | - | - | - | - | 2 |
| Costa Rica | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6 | Peru | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Cote d' Ivoire | - | - | 3 | - | 2 | 5 | Philippines | 5 | 7 | 16 | 5 | 15 | 48 |
| Croatia | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | Poland | 6 | 14 | 18 | 42 | 49 | 129 |
| Cuba | - | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | Portugal | 1 | - | 3 | 9 | 3 | 16 |
| Cyprus | - | 4 | 26 | 26 | 24 | 80 | Romania | 3 | 7 | 32 | 33 | 29 | 104 |
| Czech Republic | 4 | 5 | 8 | 13 | 13 | 43 | Russian Federation | 25 | 52 | 74 | 90 | 70 | 311 |
| Denmark | 7 | 9 | 25 | 21 | 28 | 90 | Saudi Arabia | 2 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 20 |
| Ecuador | - | - | - | 1 | 5 | 6 | Scotland | 12 | 20 | 16 | 33 | 25 | 106 |
| Egypt | 3 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 6 | 37 | Senegal | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Eritrea | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | Seychelles | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Estonia | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | Singapore | 3 | 5 | 12 | 10 | 18 | 48 |
| Ethiopia | 2 | 3 | 2 | - | 4 | 11 | Slovakia | - | 4 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 28 |
| Finland | 5 | 14 | 34 | 45 | 36 | 134 | Slovenia | - | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 11 |
| France | 52 | 109 | 178 | 233 | 215 | 787 | South Africa | 4 | 10 | 12 | 16 | 25 | 67 |
| Gambia | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | South Korea | - | 12 | 52 | 70 | 61 | 195 |
| Georgia | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 3 | Spain | 21 | 27 | 54 | 76 | 58 | 236 |
| Germany | 144 | 408 | 542 | 630 | 736 | 2460 | Sri Lanka | - | 3 | - | 2 | 3 | 8 |
| Ghana | - | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 6 | Sudan | - | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 8 |
| Greece | 5 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 32 | Suriname | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Guadeloupe | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | Sweden | 20 | 31 | 45 | 48 | 40 | 184 |
| Guatemala | - | - | - | - | 2 | 2 | Switzerland | 37 | 32 | 70 | 81 | 62 | 282 |
| Guinea Bissau | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | Syrian Arab Republic | 1 | 12 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 20 |
| Honduras | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | Taiwan | 2 | 10 | 18 | 39 | 60 | 129 |
| Hong Kong | 3 | 2 | 12 | 14 | 10 | 41 | Thailand | 4 | 8 | 1 | 10 | 11 | 34 |
| Hungary | 14 | 15 | 31 | 47 | 44 | 151 | Trinidad & Tobago | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Iceland | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | Tunisia | - | 3 | - | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| Indonesia | 1 | - | 3 | 4 | 9 | 17 | Turkey | 2 | 3 | - | 6 | 3 | 14 |
| Iran | 3 | 2 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 29 | United Arab Emirates | - | 7 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 17 |
| Iraq | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | 3 | Uganda | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| Ireland | 4 | 21 | 16 | 14 | 19 | 74 | Ukraine | - | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 7 |
| Israel | 3 | 8 | 18 | 20 | 27 | 76 | United Kngdom | 119 | 170 | 185 | 200 | 206 | 880 |
| Italy | 52 | 85 | 108 | 137 | 134 | 516 | United Republic of Tanzania | - | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | 4 |
| Jamaica | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 2 | USA | 441 | 611 | 704 | 883 | 856 | 3495 |
| Japan | 73 | 125 | 135 | 201 | 239 | 773 | Uzbekistan | - | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 16 |
| Jordan | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 12 | Venezuela | - | - | 2 | 3 | 5 | 10 |
| Kazakhstan | - | 3 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 18 | Vietnam | 1 | 1 | - | 4 | 6 | 12 |
| Kenya | 1 | 6 | 2 | 7 | 7 | 23 | Wales | 9 | 7 | 10 | 18 | 22 | 66 |
| Kuwait | 4 | - | 3 | 1 | 9 | 17 | Yemen | - | 1 | - | - | 2 | 3 |
| Lebanon | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 3 | Yugoslavia | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
| Lesotho | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | Zambia | 1 | 2 | - | 5 | - | 8 |
| Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | 2 | 3 | 5 | - | 1 | 11 | Zimbabwe | 4 | - | 1 | 5 | 3 | 13 |
The paper is a summary of the Report prepared under the National Mapping of Science Project, sponsored by NISSAT.
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Information Today & Tomorrow, Vol. 20, No. 4, December 2001, p.3-p.8, p.17, p.22
http://itt.nissat.tripod.com/itt0104/scirep.htm
